Effects of Dietary Protein Concentration on Lipid Metabolism Gene Expression and Fatty Acid Composition in 18-23-Month-Old Hanwoo Steers

Abstract

Simple Summary Intramuscular fat or fatty acids content was regarded as a quality index of meat as it increases meat tenderness and flavor. In Korea, commercial Hanwoo farms have been supplying concentrate feeds that are 2-3% higher in crude protein (CP) content rather than conventional feeds throughout the entire program and have tried to shorten the feeding period to less than 28 months of age. This has led to a probable stability in lean-to-fat ratio in Hanwoo steers from 19 to 21 months of age. This stability could be linked to the regulation of the gene expression mediating lipogenesis during this phase. However, there is a lack of data regarding the effects of the protein level in isoenergetic concentrate diets on transcriptional activity of such genes at this phase. The conventional feeding program and the current one with relatively higher CP content were compared in two groups of twenty Hanwoo steers. Results showed that higher CP endorsement during the growing phase increased the expression of intramuscular PPAR alpha (p < 0.1) and LPL (p < 0.05) and decreased the genes, such as VLCAD (p < 0.01), GPAT1 (p = 0.001), and DGAT2 (p = 0.016), which are involved in lipogenesis and fatty acid esterification. This may result in a relatively lower lipid turnover which could be responsible for shortening the feeding period. The present study evaluated the influence of dietary protein level on growth performance, fatty acid composition, and the expression of lipid metabolic genes in intramuscular adipose tissues from 18- to 23-month-old Hanwoo steers, representing the switching point of the lean-to-fat ratio. Forty steers with an initial live weight of 486 +/- 37 kg were assigned to one of two treatment groups fed either a concentrate diet with 14.5% CP and or with 17% CP for 6 months. Biopsy samples of intramuscular tissue were collected to analyze the fatty acid composition and gene expression at 23 months of age. Throughout the entire experimental period, all steers were restrained twice daily to allow individual feeding. Growth performance, blood metabolites, and carcass traits, according to ultrasonic measurements, were not affected by the experimental diets. The high-protein diet significantly increased the expression of intramuscular PPAR alpha (p < 0.1) and LPL (p < 0.05) but did not affect genes involved in fatty acid uptake (CD36 and FABP4) nor lipogenesis (ACACA, FASN, and SCD). In addition, it downregulated intramuscular VLCAD (p < 0.01) related to lipogenesis but also GPAT1 (p = 0.001), DGAT2 (p = 0.016), and SNAP23 (p = 0.057), which are involved in fatty acid esterification and adipocyte size. Hanwoo steers fed a high-protein diet at 18-23 months of age resulted in a relatively lower lipid turnover rate than steers fed a low-protein diet, which could be responsible for shortening the feeding period.