정의의 비정치화와 제도적 상호성

초록

This article identifies the problem that post-Rawlsian distributive justice theory has unintentionally depoliticised justice, and proposes institutional reciprocity as a normative concept to overcome this tendency. Through three structural moments—the presupposition of the basic structure, a result-oriented evaluative framework, and the externalisation of power—the distributive paradigm has fixed justice not as a norm that regulates the exercise of power from within, but as a moral standard that adjudicates its results from without. Existing critical approaches have each partially exposed the limits of this tendency, but none has independently theorised the structural conditions required for justice to function as a political norm. If legitimacy concerns the justificatory grounds for the exercise of power and justice concerns the content and outcomes of its exercise, institutional reciprocity, as proposed in this article, concerns the relation itself in which power is exercised. Institutional reciprocity is independent in the sense that it is not reducible to any particular substantive value, and necessary in the sense that any substantive norm—including justice—must satisfy this structural condition in order to operate politically. It refers to a structure of vertical power relations in which the responsivity of authority holders and the critical capacity of citizens are institutionally secured in balance. When institutional reciprocity is absent, justice risks degenerating into technocratic moralism or hierarchical paternalism. The repoliticisation of justice advanced in this article is not an expansion of justice's content, but an exercise in specifying the structural conditions under which justice can operate within a political order.

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