Multi-elemental characterization and provenance assessment of cement using internal mono-standard neutron activation analysis

Abstract

Cement used in nuclear power plants and accelerator facilities requires accurate control of trace elements that may form long-lived activation products under neutron irradiation. In this study, multi-elemental characterization and provenance assessment of Portland gray and white cement samples were performed using the internal mono-standard neutron activation analysis (IM-NAA) method. The approach enables non-destructive with negligible matrix-effect for major and trace elements content including Co, Cs, Eu, and Zn without the need for external standards. NIST Portland cement SRMs were analyzed to validate the methodology and to extend trace element datasets beyond existing certified major oxides composition. Korean commercial cement samples were subsequently examined to evaluate material variability and identify provenance distinctions through elemental ratios and multivariate clustering. The IM-NAA results demonstrated high reliability results, with expanded trace-element profiles supporting both quality assessment and radiation-related material screening. The findings highlight IM-NAA as an effective tool for assessing elemental composition in cement materials where long-term radiological performance and source attribution are of critical importance.