Characterization of Ancient Pottery Using X-Ray Absorption Spectroscopy, Neutron Activation Analysis, X-Ray Fluorescence, and Fourier-Transform Infrared Spectroscopy

Abstract

Analytical methods for inorganic elements play a crucial role in archeometric investigations by revealing the technology behind ancient ceramic production and the provenance of raw materials. In this study, a combination of nuclear- and atomic-based analytical methods, including neutron activation analysis, X-ray fluorescence spectroscopy, and Fourier-transform infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy, was applied to characterize ancient ceramic samples. These techniques provide comprehensive insights into the chemical composition, firing temperature, and color mechanisms, aiding archaeological interpretation. Furthermore, the atmospheric conditions during the firing process were identified by determining the iron phases (Fe2O3, Fe3O4, and FeO) using the X-ray absorption near-edge structure spectroscopy, which proved to be more reliable than the previous FT-IR spectroscopy-based approaches. The integration of these analytical results provides an enhanced understanding of ancient ceramic production technologies.