Survey on Electric Vehicle Charging Stations: System and Security Perspectives

초록

The rapid increase of Electric Vehicles (EVs) is shifting the paradigms of transportation and energy, and Electric Vehicle Charging Stations (EVCS) are emerging as a key element for achieving sustainable mobility. From a systems perspective, EVCS consists of heterogeneous components, including power electronics, communication controllers, and cloud-based management platforms, interconnected via standard protocols such as ISO 15118 and OCPP. However, technical challenges persist, including grid instability, lack of interoperability, and high deployment costs. From a security perspective, EVCS, as a cyber-physical interface connecting vehicles and the grid, presents a broad attack surface, with threats such as CMA, DDoS, FDI, and MitM being reported. To address these challenges, various AI-based security techniques, such as machine learning-based anomaly detection, transfer learning, federated learning, and Temporal Convolutional Network (TCN)-based IDS are being studied. However, practical application is limited due to limited datasets, computational resource constraints, and hardware compatibility issues. This paper comprehensively examines EVCS from both a systems and security perspective, analyzing the latest charging technology trends, grid integration strategies, standardization issues, and key security vulnerabilities and countermeasures. Through this, it proposes research directions for building more efficient, reliable, and secure EVCS. © IFIP International Federation for Information Processing 2027.

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