Progress and opportunities in metal-rich cobalt sulfides-based nanostructures for high-performance supercapacitors

초록

The electrochemical performance of supercapacitors depends strongly on electrode material properties and architecture, motivating the development of transition-metal sulfides with high electrical conductivity and rich redox activity. Among them, cobalt pentlandite (Co9S8) has emerged as a promising pseudocapacitive material due to its superior electrical conductivity, rich redox activity, high theoretical capacitance, structural robustness. This review critically evaluates recent progress in Co9S8-based electrode materials for supercapacitor applications. The different synthesis routes, including solvothermal, hydrothermal, template-assisted, and thermal conversion strategies with distinct morphological characteristics, are critically discussed. Furthermore, diverse synthesis routes, including binder-free architectures, heteroatom incorporation, hybridization with carbonaceous materials, and integration with transition metal oxides, sulfides, hydroxides, layered double hydroxides (LDHs), selenides, phosphides, MXenes, and conducting polymers were discussed to enhance the capacitance and overall performance of Co9S8-based electrodes. Finally, key challenges related to structural stability, charge-transfer properties, scalability, and device fabrication are critically discussed. By identifying transferable design principles, this review allows rational engineering of Co9S8-based electrodes for practical supercapacitor applications.

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