Psychosocial Characteristics by Type of Multiple Jobholding Participation in the Age of Digital Transformation: A Comparison by Employment Type

초록

Multiple jobholders are increasingly recognized as a heterogeneous group, yet few studies have compared predefined participation types across psychosocial characteristics and employment contexts. This study examined job insecurity(JI), individual entrepreneurial orientation(IEO), AI literacy(AIL), and social capital(SC) by participation type(non-participation, occasional, sustained) and employment type(employees, freelancers). Data from 223 employees and 221 freelancers, collected through an online panel in November 2025, were analyzed with a 3 × 2 multivariate analysis of variance(MANOVA) and Holm-corrected follow-up comparisons. Mean vectors differed by participation type(Pillai = .098, F(8, 872) = 5.64, p < .001). In the baseline pairwise comparisons, JI and IEO differed in all three pairs, whereas AIL and SC differed between non-participation and the two participation categories, and their occasional sustained contrasts were not significant. This descriptive pattern does not establish that the patterns of participation-type differences vary across the four variables. Neither the employment-type effect(Holm p = .163) nor the interaction(p = .937) was confirmed at the composite-score level, although the distribution of participation types differed by employment type(χ²(2) = 11.67, p = .003, Cramér's V = .162). The joint elevation of JI and IEO in the sustained-participation category supports considering occupational vulnerability and opportunity orientation together at the group-mean level, alongside capability and relational resources. The findings are exploratory group differences based on a cross-sectional, self-report, non-probability sample.

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