근대전환기 함안지역 性齋學派의 강학 공간과 주요 활동 고찰 - 寒泉齋와 西山書堂을 중심으로 -

초록

The modern transition period was a tumultuous era that demanded Confucian scholars reestablish their orthodox Neo-Confucian identity and address the challenges of the times amidst complex crises, including the dissolution of the traditional Confucian order, the usurpation of national sovereignty by foreign powers, and the influx of modern learning. During this period, Confucian scholars of the Seongjae(性齋) School in the Gangu(江右) region tore down barriers between academic factions, established a mutually connected system, and engaged in educational activities while seeking practical measures to restore national sovereignty. Accordingly, this study focuses on the Haman region—where the activities of the Seongjae(性齋) School were most flourishing in the Gangu(江右) region—to systematically examine the academic continuity and characteristics of Confucianism during the modern transition period. This is achieved through an integrated investigation into the history of the establishment of Hancheonjae(寒泉齋) and Seosanseodang(西山書堂), their characteristics as educational spaces, and the activities of key figures. In 1864, when Seongjae(性齋) Heo Jeon(許傳) assumed the post of Magistrate of Gimhae(金海) Magistrate's Office and educated disciples, the Confucian scholars of the Gangu(江右) region, who had been stagnant following the decline of the Nammyeong(南冥) School, joined his school in large numbers. Among them, the Confucian scholars of the Haman(咸安) region, who accounted for the largest proportion, united around influential families to inherit Heo Jeon's Yehak(禮學) and Gyeongse chiyong(經世致用) thought. Hancheonjae(寒泉齋) was originally a ritual hall of the Haman Jo(趙) clan and the study of Jo Seong-won(趙性源); however, after his son Jo Bok-gyu(趙馥奎) reconstructed it in 1909, it was opened as a space to preserve Confucianism and foster future generations amidst the crisis of national betrayal. The Hancheon Ganghoe(寒泉講會), formed in 1912 by Jo Byeong-gyu(趙昺奎), Jo Byeong-taek(趙昺澤), Jo Jeong-gyu(趙貞奎), and others, was joined by 38 local Confucian scholars from the Haman(咸安) region. Through these lecture meetings, they shared the anguish of the times and sought new ways forward on the one hand, while advancing into direct resistance against Japanese imperialism through the independence movement on the other. Seosanseodang(西山書堂) is an educational space established in 1902 on the site of Seosan Seowon(西山書院)—which had been demolished in 1871—by Jo Jeong-gyu(趙貞奎), Jo Byeong-gyu(趙昺奎), and others to inherit the spirit of loyalty and integrity of Eogye(漁溪) Jo Ryeo(趙旅), one of the Saengyuksin(生六臣). In the mid-1910s, as Jo Seok-gyu(趙碩奎) took on the role of headmaster(訓長), Seosanseodang(西山書堂) functioned as a center for anti-Japanese national consciousness education and served as a stronghold for the independence movement in the Haman(咸安) region. In conclusion, Hancheonjae(寒泉齋) and Seosanseodang(西山書堂) in Haman during the modern transition period were not merely Confucian buildings or historical sites from the Joseon Dynasty; rather, they were practical spaces of the unity of knowledge and action(知行合一) that preserved the tradition of Jeonghak(正學), embodied the ethics of rites, and further carried out anti-Japanese independence movements during the turbulent era of national deprivation.

키워드