AC Winding Loss Analysis in Permanent Magnet Vernier Machine for In-Wheel Direct Drive Applications

초록

This paper presents the investigation of AC winding losses in a permanent magnet vernier machine (PMVM) used for in-wheel direct drive applications. Finite element analysis is conducted to evaluate the impact of loss components such as skin effect, proximity effect, and circulating current losses under varying speeds, connection schemes, and bundled conductor arrangements. Based on numerical analysis, a systematic methodology is employed to evaluate end-winding resistance and inductance, while also segregating the overall losses into their individual components. It is shown that the skin effect and proximity effect are not influenced by the conductor placement, while the circulating currents impact is high. It is observed that in horizontal bundled arrangement, the overall losses of the machine were reduced by 18 % as compared to vertical configuration. However, increasing speed or frequency strongly amplifies the overall loss components resulting in 51 % increase in horizontal arrangement and up to 59 % in vertical arrangement. While, in case of different connection schemes the impact of winding losses is not significant, as the losses are not highly dependent on the type of connection schemes and at higher frequencies this difference reduces to 0.63 %. © 2026 IEEE.

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