안전하고 효율적인 전기 자동차 충전 시스템을 위한 평판 기반 적응형 인증 기법 연구

초록

The rapid expansion of electric vehicle charging infrastructure, combined with the heterogeneity of equipment from multiple manufacturers, diverse device environments, and reliance on public networks, has led to increasing security threats against Electric Vehicle Charging Systems (EVCS). Legacy protocols such as OCPP 1.6 and ISO 15118 have exposed various vulnerabilities related to static authentication, inadequate session management, and certificate management, with numerous real-world security incidents reported, including OCPP zero-day vulnerability discoveries and data breaches of global EV charging networks. In response, this paper proposes an efficient and adaptive reputation-based adaptive authentication protocol for the EVCS environment. The proposed protocol is based on an integrated architecture combining ISO 15118-20 and OCPP 2.0.1. It computes a reputation score by synthesizing contextual indicators derived from each vehicle's charging history, anomaly detection frequency, time-based trust decay, and location-based risk assessment. The reputation score is classified into three levels to dynamically modulate authentication strength. The protocol dynamically applies authentication procedures appropriate to each communication segment—between the electric vehicle, charging equipment, and central management system—thereby ensuring real-time session continuity and data integrity. Formal verification using the Scyther tool demonstrates that the proposed authentication technique is secure against well-known attacks.

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