Salicornia europaea extract regulates inflammatory signaling pathways in LPS-stimulated HaCaT cells

초록

Objectives This study aimed to analyze the principal chemical constituents of Salicornia europaea (S. europaea) extract and to evaluate its antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects using HaCaT cells. Methods S. europaea was prepared via 70% ethanol extraction, and the primary components of the extract were analyzed using ultra performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (UPLC-MS/MS). Antioxidant effects were evaluated using 2,2-diphenyl 1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) and 2,2-azino-bis-(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulphonic acid) (ABTS) assays. Cytotoxicity was assessed using an MTT assay. Reactive oxygen species (ROS) production was measured lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulated HaCaT cells. Anti-inflammatory effects were evaluated by analyzing the protein expression of iNOS, COX-2, p-NF-kappa B, and p-I kappa B alpha using western blotting. Results S. europaea exhibited significant antioxidant activity in DPPH radical scavenging assays starting at a concentration of 100 mu g/mL. In ABTS radical scavenging assays, a significant antioxidant effect was observed from 25 mu g/mL. In HaCaT cells, concentrations > 100 mu g/mL reduced cell viability, with a 57% survival rate at 200 mu g/mL; no cytotoxicity was observed at concentrations < 50 mu g/mL. In LPS-induced HaCaT cells, the S. europaea extract significantly inhibited ROS generation in a concentration-dependent manner and reduced iNOS and COX-2 expression. Furthermore, p-NF-kappa B and p-I kappa B alpha expression was suppressed, indicating modulation of inflammatory signaling pathways. Conclusion This study's findings suggest that the anti-inflammatory effects of S. europaea extract are attributable to its antioxidant activity, mediated by phenolic compounds, that inhibit ROS production and the NF-kappa B signaling pathway. Collectively, these results indicate the potential efficacy of S. europaea as a natural anti-inflammatory agent. LC-MS/MS analysis revealed the presence of eight active compounds

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