러시아 남부 소수민족 자치 공화국 고려인 디아스포라 연구 - 칼미크 공화국 고려인 역사를 중심으로 -

초록

This study segments the development of the Koryoin community in the Kalmyk Autonomous Republic of Russia (1930-2010) and closely examines the causes of population changes over time. It also examines the development process, identity, and cultural characteristics of the Kalmyk Koryoin community. Kalmyk Koryoin dynamically formed and developed a Koryoin community throughout their diaspora. As a result, the community grew significantly compared to its initial settlement period. The period of community formation from the 1930s to 2010 can be divided into four periods: 1. 1930s–1960s: Early Koryoin migration to Kalmykia; 2. 1970s: Increase in Koryoin population due to the Russian government’s planned immigration policy; 3. 1980s: Decline in Koryoin population; 4. 1990s–2010s: Influx of Koryoin from Central Asia. Over the four periods described above, the Kalmyk Koryoin community exhibits three unique demographic trends and characteristics that distinguish it from the Koryoin communities in the North Caucasus Autonomous Republics of southern Russia and the metropolitan areas. First, the Koryoin community in Kalmykia had the highest proportion of Koryoin residents in rural areas from the 1950s to 2010. Notably, the proportion of Koryoin residents in rural areas reached 82.4% in the 1960s and 1970s. Second, the population of the Kalmyk Koryoin community declined in the 1980s, with the outflow flowing into major cities in the southern region. Third, while the populations of most Koryoin communities in southern Russia stagnated or decreased between the 2000s and 2010s, the number of Koryoin residents in Kalmykia increased. The Kalmyk Koryoin community has resided in Kalmykia, the only Buddhist Autonomous Republic of the Russian Federation, for nearly 80 years, establishing its own unique historical identity within the Korean diaspora in Russia and Central Asia, displaying the following ethnocultural characteristics. First, they possess an incredibly sincere identity. This hardworking identity, combined with their talent in agricultural management, has served as a driving force for Kalmyk Koryoin to become a highly skilled workforce essential to the Republic of Kalmykia’s rice farming development program in southern Russia. Second, they possess a deep affection for Korean cuisine. While Kalmyk Koryoin have culturally interacted with the meat-eating Kalmyk people, they have enjoyed a variety of vegetable-based traditional dishes and salads since their early settlement in Kalmykia. Third, the bonds between Koryoin and Kalmyk people have increased compared to the past. Fourth, cultural center activities aimed at fostering community solidarity and preserving the Korean identity are ongoing and passionate.

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