인도에서 공산주의 좌파의 성장과 쇠퇴: 마르크스주의적 분석 및 한국에의 함의

초록

Despite the deepening systemic crisis of global capitalism, why is the communist movement, which wielded enormous influence in the last century, declining in many parts of the world? Using India as a central case study, this paper analyzes the rise and decline of the communist Left from a Marxian perspective and examines its implications for South Korea. India historically possessed a communist movement with strong electoral influence, but its political and social clout has significantly weakened in recent decades. This paper argues that this decline cannot be explained merely by unfavorable political conditions or strategic failures, but is fundamentally tied to Stalinist ‘party/movementalism’. Our analysis demonstrates that the two dominant currents of the Indian Left — parliamentary communism and the Maoist armed struggle — despite their vast strategic differences, shared core Stalinist premises such as state-centrism, a static class taxonomy, and vanguardism. Finally, the paper examines the comparative implications of this Marxian critique of Indian communist Left politics for the explosive resurgence and rapid decline of the communist Left in South Korea during the late 1980s and early 1990s. It argues that the revitalization of emancipatory anti-capitalist politics requires moving beyond state-centrism and vanguardism toward the expansion and institutionalization of post-capitalist associations from below, rooted in everyday class processes.

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