한국 복지태도의 잠재유형과 그 영향요인 분석

초록

This study aims to conceptualize Koreans’ welfare attitudes not as a single pro-versus-anti welfare orientation, but as a multidimensional structure composed of state responsibility, universality, and tax increase, and to analyze the latent structure and determinants of welfare attitude types. For this purpose, the study used data from the 17th wave of the supplementary welfare perception survey of the Korean Welfare Panel Study, with a final sample of 2,829 respondents. The analysis was conducted using latent profile analysis and multinomial logistic regression based on the R3STEP approach. The findings are as follows. First, the correlations among tax increase, universality, and state responsibility were generally very low. In particular, tax increase showed no significant association with universality and only a very weak positive correlation with state responsibility. Second, the latent profile analysis identified three groups: the residual welfare-oriented type, the selective state-responsibility type, and the universal state-responsibility type. Differences among these three groups were formed mainly around universality and state responsibility, while tax increase did not function as a key axis differentiating the types. Third, the analysis of factors affecting welfare attitude types showed that variables related to values and ideology, as well as perceptions of social reality and policy evaluation, were more important than limited economic self-interest variables. This study demonstrates that Koreans’ welfare attitudes do not constitute a simple one-dimensional continuum of pro-welfare versus anti-welfare orientation. Rather, they reflect a multidimensional structure in which the scope of state responsibility, the principle of universality in welfare provision, and the acceptance of fiscal burden are only loosely connected. Therefore, future welfare policy should pay greater attention not only to the logic of tax increases, but also to the principles of universality and selectivity, the legitimacy of state responsibility, and the formation of policy trust.

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