병자호란 직후 河溍의 국가 위기 인식과 의리론적 대응책

초록

Taegye Ha Jin (台溪 河溍; 1597~1658) was born in Jinju, Gyeongsangwu- do, during Jeongyujaeran (丁酉再亂). In 1623 when the Nammyeong School was politically collapsing due to the Injobanjeong (仁祖反正) incident, he entered Sogwa (小科) and then obtained a governmental office as he passed the civil official examination in 1633. Three years later in 1636, he joined the loyal troops during Byeongjahoran, and then from 1640 onwards, he continued his political activity in the national crisis as a public official in such positions as Byeongjo Jwarang, Saheonbu Jipyeong, Saganwon Heonnap, and so forth. As such, Ha Jin went through critical moments throughout his life during various historical upheavals of war and restoration. In his later years after he came back in sickness to his hometown, he investigated and practiced ways to seek new breakthroughs for the Nammyeong School. One common point in the preface and postscript in his work entitled 『Taegyejip』 and in the collection of poems expressing regrets over his death is about the upright suggestion in the public appeal that he submitted, laying his life on the line. While previous studies that examined his prose works focused on fragmented aspects in this public appeal, there has been no exploration on the general overview of his 12 public appeals and major works. This paper examines ｢Jinsipyeso (陳時弊疏)｣ that he submitted to King Injo in 1642 and ｢Nonsaso (論事疏)｣ he submitted to King Hyojong in the year of his enthronement in 1649. Based on the results, this study clarifies that there were negative effects on the political situation and society right after Byeongjahoran (Second Manchu Invasion of Korea) and that specific proposals to overcome them were presented. Ha Jin was appointed as Saganwon Jeongeon (司諫院 正言) in January 16, 1642 (20th year of King Injo). In the very next month, on February 2, he submitted ｢Jinsipyeso (陳時弊疏)｣ to make an appeal about negative effects of incidents at that time. This appeal consisted of [1] the preface, [2] the background of such social abuses, [3] specific statements regarding the 4 social abuses, [4] countermeasures, and [5] the conclusion. During this period, the society faced four maladies: the erosion of discipline, the collapse of military structures, the fragmentation of public sentiment, and the misalignment of rewards and punishments. These issues were perceived by Ha Jin as critical national problems of the time. ｢Nonsaso (論事疏)｣ was submitted on August 16 to report the incidents while his sickness was treated in Hanyang as he was appointed as Saheonbu Jipyeong in July 1649, the year of King Hyojong's enthronement. ｢Nonsaso｣ consisted of [1] the preface, [2] the background of reporting 3 incidents, [3] suggestions about 3 incidents and rewards for Jeong Ohn (鄭蘊), [4] importance of carefulness, and [5] the conclusion. Three principal matters addressed during this period included: the careful recommendation of governmental officials, the appointment of descendants of virtuous predecessors, and measures taken to for young sons of Crown Prince Sohyeon. These decrees were issued upon King Hyojong's ascension to the throne. Based on these decrees, Ha Jin proposed King Hyojong to implement them in practice. A view of Ha Jin's appeals, as detailed in the postscript in 『Taegyejip』, reveals that he was imbued with a profound ‘spirit of justice,’ grounded in the ethical teachings and ceremonial principles of Nammyeong studies. While serving in the Royal Court, accordingly, he often courageously addressed societal abuses, even at the risk of his own life. When his appeals were dismissed, Ha Jin did not hesitate to return to his hometown reflecting his steadfast commitment to his principles. Ha Jin’s proposals aligned with the pursuits of Cheokhwa (斥和) scholars, rooted in the theory of righteousness (義理論) including Kim Sang-heon (金尙憲) and Jeong Ohn. To address the national crises that Joseon faced in the wake of the Second Manchu Invasion of Korea during the 17th century, the two opposing schools emerged: the Ideology of Righteousness (Cheokhwa Ideology and Subeop Ideology) and the Ideology of Adaptation (Juhwa Ideology and Byeonbeop Ideology). In response, Ha Jin proposed this solution through public appeals, which were based on the ideology of righteousness in general. He believed that the most critical and fundamental element to address the internal and external challenges of the nation was to awaken and enlighten the king's mind. The ultimate goal of public appeals that he submitted emphasized this vision of enlightenment. Exploring the reasons behind Ha Jin’s advocacy, one may first highlight his role as a governmental official, representing the perspective of Samsa (三司; an administrative body responsible for financial accounting and fiscal oversight). In addition, considering both internal motivations and external circumstances, Ha Jin's appeals reflected the profound spirit of loyalty and righteousness promoted by Jo Sik (曺植), a scholar of the Nammyeong School, who declared, ‘a king dies for the sake of the state [國君死社稷].’ The preface and poetic works in 『Taegyejip』 further pointed to the virtues, honor, and moral integrity of the Nammyeong Philosophy as the ideological foundationo for Ha Jin's resolute appeals and actions.

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