Red Sea Bream Iridovirus (RSIV) Kinetics in Rock Bream (Oplegnathus fasciatus) at Various Fish-Rearing Seawater Temperatures

Abstract

Simple Summary Red sea bream iridoviral disease (RSIVD) generates serious economic losses by causing mass mortality events of rock bream during the season with high water temperature in the Republic of Korea and other Asian countries. However, very few studies have investigated RSIV kinetics in rock bream under various rearing water temperatures. In this paper, we investigated the viral load shedding of RSIV into seawater after artificially infecting rock bream (Oplegnathus fasciatus) with the virus. Overall, our data suggest that the viral load shedding of RSIV into seawater varies depending on water temperature and virus inoculation concentration. Our results reveal the potential of non-invasive virus detection approaches, such as the utilization of environmental DNA in fish farms. In addition, we showed that the quantitative analysis of seawater viruses can indirectly improve our understanding of disease progression in fish, potentially contributing to enhanced disease control. Red sea bream iridoviral disease (RSIVD) causes serious economic losses in the aquaculture industry. In this paper, we evaluated RSIV kinetics in rock bream under various rearing water temperatures and different RSIV inoculation concentrations. High viral copy numbers (approximately 10(3.7)-10(6.7) RSIV genome copies/L/g) were observed during the period of active fish mortality after RSIV infection at all concentrations in the tanks (25 degrees C and 20 degrees C). In the group injected with 10(4) RSIV genome copies/fish, RSIV was not detected at 21-30 days post-infection (dpi) in the rearing seawater. In rock bream infected at 15 degrees C and subjected to increasing water temperature (1 degrees C/d until 25 degrees C) 3 days later, the virus replication rate and number of viral copies shed into the rearing seawater increased. With the decrease in temperature (1 degrees C/d) from 25 to 15 degrees C after the infection, the virus replicated rapidly and was released at high loads on the initial 3-5 dpi, whereas the number of viral copies in the fish and seawater decreased after 14 dpi. These results indicate that the number of viral copies shed into the rearing seawater varies depending on the RSIV infection level in rock bream.