Exploring the Anti-Inflammatory Effects of Aloe vera Flower (AVF) and Its Active Ingredients in a Skin Inflammation Model Induced by Glyoxal-Derived Advanced Glycation End Products (GO-AGEs)

Abstract

Objective: Advanced glycation end-products (AGEs) contribute to oxidative stress and inflammation, leading to various disorders, including skin inflammation. Here, we investigated the anti-inflammatory effects of Aloe vera flower (AVF) extract and its active constituents, vitexin (V) and isovitexin (IV), in a glyoxal-derived AGE (GO-AGE)-induced skin inflammaging model. Methods: We evaluated the effects of AVF, V, and IV in epidermal keratinocytes (HaCaT cells) using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, Western blotting, quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction, and in silico molecular docking. Results: Treatment of HaCaT cells with AVF, V, or IV significantly suppressed the secretion and expression of interleukins (IL-6 and IL-8) at both the mRNA and protein level, and reduced the expression of key inflammatory proteins, including kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells (NF-kappa B) and cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2), and phosphorylation of mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathway proteins. Notably, the inhibitory effects of V and IV on COX-2 expression were more comparable to or exceeded those of the positive control (Epigallocatechin gallate), even at a lower concentration. Conversely, the expression of sirtuin 1 (SIRT1) was upregulated by AVF, V, and IV, with IV showing 1.5-fold upregulation. Molecular docking analyses supported these findings, with IV displaying a particularly high binding affinity for COX-2 (-11.0 kcal/mol). Conclusions: These findings highlight the potential of AVF, V, and IV as novel therapeutic agents for managing skin inflammaging by modulating inflammatory pathways.