Harnessing the synergy of ozone and architecturally engineered carbon materials for environmental remediation

Abstract

With remarkable physical and chemical characteristics like high surface area, tunable porosity, and modified surface functions, architecturally engineered carbon materials have become adaptable catalytic material for various advanced oxidation processes. Herein, the state-of-the-art in the catalytic ozonation of organic pollutants using structurally as well as functionally engineered carbon architectures are thoroughly reviewed. We have discussed the structural and electronic properties of architecturally engineered carbon including aerogels, foams, and frameworks that underpin their catalytic efficiency. The role of these materials in O3-based degradation route is provided, highlighting their synergistic interactions with O3 and the generation of active species. Different fabrication routes for these advanced carbon catalytic materials are reviewed, that enable control over structure and functionality. Kinetic aspects of O3-based catalytic degradation are presented, highlighting how different factors govern the pollutant degradation efficacy. An in-depth analysis is also given to provide the significant role of both radical and non-radical ways in the breakdown of toxic pollutants. Lastly, future perspectives are outlined, emphasizing the need for deeper mechanistic understanding and the design of multifunctional catalytic material with improved stability as well as reusability. This review aims to offer a comprehensive foundation for the progress of next-generation architecturally engineered carbon in catalytic ozonation, guiding future innovations toward sustainable water treatment solutions.