수요반응 시장 참여 유형에 따른 전기차 기반 V2G 시스템의 경제적 효과 분석

Abstract

With the increase of renewable energy and electricity demand, flexible resources such as demand response(DR) and energy storage systems(ESS) are becoming significant for power system stability. However, the high cost of ESS has became looking for alternative storage resources. Vehicle-to-Grid (V2G) technology enables electric vehicles(EVs) to function as distributed storage units, supporting the grid through bidirectional charging. This study investigates the economic effect of V2G participation in the DR market. We propose a mixed-integer linear programming(MILP) model to optimize EV charging and discharging schedules considering Time-of-Use(ToU) pricing and DR market mechanisms. The model incorporates both arbitrage strategies and DR obligations, aiming to minimize operational costs and maximize revenue. Simulation results compare arbitrage-only scenarios with DR-participating cases, including both reduction-type and increase-type DR programs. The result shows that V2G can significantly enhance profitability through DR participation, particularly when both reduction and increase events are assigned. This research demonstrates that V2G systems can be a viable, cost-effective alternative to conventional ESS in DR programs, contributing to grid reliability and economic benefits for aggregators.