La relación entre las normas subjetivas y la resiliencia matemática en las personas adolescentes: los efectos mediadores de la ansiedad y la autoeficacia

Abstract

Mathematical resilience (MR), a key psychological trait that enables students to confront the difficulties in the process of learning mathematics, is important for enhancing academic performance and promoting psychological well-being. Drawing on PISA 2022 data, the present study investigates the influence mechanism through which subjective norms (SN), anxiety (AN), and self-efficacy (SE) affect MR among adolescents (N = 15,603) in Hong Kong, Macau, and Taiwan. The results indicated that SN, AN, and SE are significantly correlated with MR and can predict MR. Additionally, a significant finding is that SN not only has a direct positive impact on MR, but also exerts influence indirectly through AN and SE, with the indirect effects encompassing both parallel and chain mediation, thereby extending the Theory of Planned Behavior (TPB). Cross-cultural analysis further revealed significant regional variations in the mechanism. To be specific, adolescents in Macau rely mainly on indirect effects, whereas those in Hong Kong and Taiwan depend more on direct effects. To further explore these differences, SN was divided into peer norms and parental norms, pointing that adolescents in Hong Kong are more influenced by parents, and their counterparts in Macau by peers. Such explorations elucidate the psychological mechanisms of how SN affects MR, validate the cross-cultural applicability of the Social Cognitive Theory (SCT), provide empirical evidence for the formulation of differentiated educational policies, and offer practical insights for the development of adolescent psychological health. © 2025 Universidad del País Vasco