Phase-and morphology-controlled MnO2: Its synthesis and influence on the electrochemical performance of spinel LiMn2O4 cathode materials

Abstract

In this study, MnO2 was synthesized via a hydrothermal method using four different oxidizing agents: KMnO4, K2S2O8, KClO3, and (NH4)2S2O8. The KMnO4 precursor led to the formation of aggregated alpha-MnO2, while K2S2O8 produced a mixed phase of alpha- and gamma-MnO2. (NH4)2S2O8 promoted the formation of gamma-MnO2 at lower temperatures and induced a structural transition to (3-MnO2 at elevated temperatures. Among the lithium precursors investigated, LiOH was found to be the most effective in preserving the spherical morphology of LiMn2O4 during synthesis. Electrochemical measurements revealed that the LiMn2O4 sample synthesized from gamma-MnO2 exhibited the highest charge capacity of 132.59 mAh center dot g-1, while the alpha-MnO2-based LiMn2O4 demonstrated the best stability. These results indicate that the initial MnO2 phase significantly influences the electrochemical performance of the resulting spinel cathode.