Florigen-producing cells express FPF1-LIKE PROTEIN 1 to accelerate flowering and stem growth in Arabidopsis

Abstract

Plants induce the expression of the florigen FLOWERING LOCUST (FT) in response to seasonal changes. FT is expressed in a distinct subset of phloem companion cells in Arabidopsis. Using tissue-specific translatome analysis, we discovered that the FT-expressing cells also express FLOWERING PROMOTING FACTOR 1 (FPF1)-LIKE PROTEIN 1 (FLP1), specifically under long-day conditions with the red/far-red ratio of natural sunlight. The master regulator of FT, CONSTANS (CO), is essential for FLP1 expression, suggesting that FLP1 is involved in the photoperiod pathway. We show that FLP1 promotes early flowering independently of FT, is active in the shoot apical meristem, and induces the expression of SEPALLATA3 (SEP3), a key E-class homeotic gene. Unlike FT, FLP1 also facilitates inflorescence stem elongation. Our cumulative evidence suggests that the small FLP1 protein acts as a mobile signal like FT. Taken together, FLP1 accelerates flowering in parallel with FT and orchestrates flowering and stem elongation during the reproductive transition.