Overview of graphite supply chain and its challenges

Abstract

The importance of graphite is increasing with the global shift toward carbon neutrality and clean energy transitions. As a critical mineral for battery anodes, graphite demand is projected to grow fourfold by 2030 compared to 2023 levels, with overall demand doubling during the same period. However, graphite is classified as a high-risk mineral due to its heavily concentrated supply chain, which poses significant geopolitical risks. The globalization of manufacturing and trade has further exacerbated supply chain vulnerabilities by centralizing production in low-cost regions, deepening dependence on specific countries. This letter provides a comprehensive overview of the graphite supply chain and its associated challenges while offering strategic insights for stabilization and diversification.