Development and Characterization of Horse Bone-derived Natural Calcium Phosphate Powders

Abstract

Purpose: This study was to develop an effective process for fabricating biocompatible calcium phosphate powders (CPPs)using horse bones, and to investigate the characteristics of them. Methods: The characteristics of horse bone powders(HBPs) were investigated according to the different osseous tissue types (compact bone and cancellous bone), bone types(spine and tibia), pretreatment methods (cold water, H2O2, and hot water), sintering time (4, 8 and 12h), and sinteringtemperature (600, 900, 1100 and1300°C). In addition, the grinding methods were compared based on the wet grinding (ballmill) and dry grinding (blade grinder) method to make it as powders. Finally, their cytotoxicity and cell viability werechecked. Results: Regardless of the types of osseous tissues and bones, HBPs were well fabricated as biocompatible CPPs. Itwas also found that the pretreatment methods did not influence on the resultants, showing well-fabricated HBPs. Considering the processing time, the hot water method was the most suitable compared to other pretreatment methods. Further, 12h-sintering time was sufficient to remove residual organic compounds. The sintering temperatures greatlyaffected the properties of bone powders fabricated. The x-ray diffraction (XRD) peak of horse bone sintered at 600°C wasmost closed to that of hydroxyapatite (HA). Our bioactivity study demonstrated that the HBPs fabricated by sintering horsebones at 1300°C showed the best performance in terms of cell viability whereas the HBPs 1100°C showed the cytotoxicity. Conclusions: Using various types of horse bone tissues, biocompatible CPPs were successfully developed. We conclude thatthe HBPs may have a great potential as biomaterials for various biological applications including bone tissue engineering.