Quantum silicon porous electrodes for stable lithium plating in high-capacity, ultrafast-charging batteries

Abstract

The development of fast-charging, high-energy density lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) in silicon-based anodes is constrained by persistent challenges such as dendrite formation, volumetric expansion, and rapid capacity fade. Here, we introduce a novel quantum silicon porous electrode (QSPE) architecture, which integrates quantum-sized SiOx into a porous carbon framework. This innovative design substantially improves lithium storage capacity and promotes stable lithium plating, significantly advancing anode performance. Contrary to previous assumptions that the formation of LixSiOy during lithiation is detrimental to performance, our findings demonstrate that it inhibits dendritic growth, ensures uniform Li plating, and stabilizes the solid electrolyte interphase (SEI). Also, the QSPE provides a chemically stable matrix that mitigates volumetric expansion and facilitates efficient Li-ion transport, thereby promoting long-term electrode stability. As a result, the QSPE exhibits an impressive capacity of 2550 mAh g−1 after 2600 cycles at 1.7 C and achieves near-perfect Coulombic efficiency over 55,000 cycles at 82.5 C. These results not only challenge conventional views on Li and Si interactions but also present a promising pathway for the development of fast-charging, durable, and high-energy density LIBs with enhanced safety. © 2025 Elsevier B.V.