바이오매스 유래 하드 카본 음극의 효율적인 소듐 저장을 위한 실험적 최적화 연구

Abstract

Hard carbon is widely recognized as the most promising anode material for sodium-ion batteries(SIBs). Hard carbon is a non-graphitizable carbon characterized by a turbostratic structure with disorderedstacking of carbon layers, each consisting of a few nanometer-sized graphene layers. It remains difficult tographitize even at temperatures above 2500°C. This unique structure, combined with its low cost, highelectrical conductivity, low working voltage, and high capacity, allows hard carbon to achieve exceptionalsodium ion storage performance. These characteristics make it the most commercially viable anode material. Recent research has also actively explored the use of biomass instead of high-cost inorganic materials, toreduce production costs, minimize pollution from biomass incineration, and reduce the significant amountsof biological waste produced annually. This study investigates the performance of hard carbon anodes derivedfrom lignin, with commercial graphite serving as a control. X-ray diffraction (XRD), Raman spectroscopy,Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM), and X-ray PhotoelectronSpectroscopy (XPS) were utilized to analyze their crystallographic structures, microstructures, and surfaceelemental compositions. Electrochemical performance was evaluated using electrolytes consisting of 1MNaPF6 in EC/DEC (1:1 v/v) with 5 wt% FEC and 1M NaPF6 in DEGDME. By comparing the electrochemicalcharacteristics of hard carbon and graphite under different electrolyte conditions, this study demonstrates thepotential of hard carbon as a promising anode material for sodium-ion battery applications.