Scaled-up ethyl formate fumigation to replace methyl bromide on traded mushroom to disinfest mushroom fly (<i>Lycoriella mali</i>)

Abstract

Mushroom fly, Lycoriella mali (Diptera: Sciaridae), is the primary pest in imported mushrooms. The amount of Tricholoma matsutake imported from China increases every fall when it is harvested. When importing T. matsutake, disinfestation using methyl bromide (MB) or phosphine (PH3) is performed to prevent the introduction of L. mali. However, MB will be phased out due to ozone-depletion, chronic toxicity to workers, and residual issues. PH3 fumigation in mushroom disinfestation requires a long exposure time (24 h). In this study, we used ethyl formate (EF), which can replace MB and reduce exposure time. The efficacy of EF, PH3 and EF + PH3 on L. mali was evaluated. Using 4-h EF fumigation at 5 degrees C, the 3rd and 4th instar was the most tolerant stage in terms of 99% killed lethal concentration x time products (LCt(99%)). When 4-h EF fumigation at 5 degrees C was applied on all stages of L. mali, the LCt(99%) values of EF were 73.1 g h/m(3) to the 1st and 2nd instar, 112.9 g h/m(3) to the 3rd and 4th instar, 68.9 g h/m(3) to pupae, and 20.1 g h/m(3) to adult. It was confirmed that combination treatment with EF + PH3 had a synergistic effect on L. mali. The LCt(99%) of EF + 0.5 g/m(3) of PH3 to the 3rd and 4th instar was 48.3 g h/m(3). When only 140 g/m(3) of EF was applied for 4 h at > 5 degrees C and 35 g/m(3) of EF + 0.5 g/m(3) of PH3 for 4 h at > 5 degrees C in commercial trials containing T. matsutake, proven efficacy (100%) on L. mali was confirmed. In the case of EF treatment only, phytotoxic damage occurred due to high Ct products, and there was no phytotoxic damage in combination treatment with EF + PH3. This study provides a new guideline for EF + PH3 combination treatment within a shorter exposure time (4 h) than existing PH3 treatment (24 h) and replacement of MB use.