아미르 티무르의 平時 계절이동

Abstract

This article reconstructs the seasonal migration during the reign of Timur (1370∼1405) in Māvarā'al-Nahr. Chapter 1 examines the spatio-temporal issue of seasonal migration. First, I reconstruct the pattern and route of seasonal migration and analyze the activities at each place. The migrators stayed at Kish or Aqar in spring, Samarqand in summer, and Zanjir-Saray or Parsin in winter. At the winter pasture (Qishlāq), the migrators usually built some fence structures named “Quriya,” which was built with reeds and pieces of wood, and then pitched tents or winter houses inside. When winter was over, the migrators went to the summer pasture (Yaylāq). However, on the way, they stayed several days at Kish or Aqar hunting and reviewing their troops. Meanwhile, the summer pasture was in Samarqand, the Capital of Timur. All of the goods and manpower resources were gathered in Samarqand, Thus, Timur traveled back and forth between the city and outer meadows during the summer, met several noble members in Samarqand, decided tasks of the State, evaluated for officials, and gave rewards and punishments. Moreover, royal marriage and quriltay was also performed at the outskirts of Samarqand, in Kangul Meadow. Second, I examine the issue of time. Was the migration of Timur similar to the migration of Shah-ruh, which was already examined by an earlier scholar? Infect, Timur visited Yaylaq or Qishlaq at relatively the exact time. The migrators usually departed the winter pasture around the vernal equinox according to the Persian historical notion of season, and moved to the winter pasture in late November when possible. However, because of the many conquests outside the Māvarā' al-Nahr, sometimes the migrators could not follow the usual seasonal migration pattern. At that time, the migrators reduced the period of stay at Yaylaq/Qishlaq or visited pastures later than usual, which depended on the situation. Chapter 2 examines the scales, the number of people participating with the seasonal migration, and the invested goods. According to the records, the migrators participating with the seasonal migration with Timur were his royal bodyguards, courtiers, royal members, servants and their families. In addition, nomad tribes and non-tribal powers, Shah-zadas and Amirs with their own fiefs, and Daruga and Hakim of several provinces performed their seasonal migration by themselves. Tumans with their own local bases also stayed at their posts. I try to estimate the number of royal bodyguards, which is around twenty thousand. Meanwhile, Timur gathered countless goods from all over the world, received annual taxes from the conquered lands, and saved most of the goods at Qök-Saray of Samarqand. However, countless goods or too many livestock did not participate in Timur's seasonal migration. His livestock were usually at his own pastures, located in the interior and exterior of Māvarā' al-Nahr with the person in charge. This is the same as manpower. Some people who works with Timur in person, should accompany Timur. However, others were in Samarqand.