고려초기 外夷 인식과 黑水의 실체

Abstract

Examined in this study is the Goryeo people’s perception of the so-called “foreign barbarians(外夷)” that prevailed in the dynasty’s early period, and the Goryeo government’s policy at the time, with a focus on the Heuksu(黑水) tribe. Heuksu appears in records from the Goryeo dynasty’s early years. It was previously believed to have been a tribe that came southward from the Heuk’ryong-gang river area in the North. Yet the name itself seems to have been usurped by the Goryeo government to refer to tribes living in the vicinity of the Goryeo borders, just as the Goryeo people called the political entities located in the Yeongseo(嶺西) region as Malgal(靺鞨). The Heuksu tribe primarily resided in the East side of the Pyeong’an-do province and the overall Hamgyeong Nam-do province. ‘Dalgo(達姑)’ and ‘Cheol’reuk(鐵勒)’ were also names that were used in referring to tribes that lived in the South side of the Hamgyeong Nam-do region as well as the middle & upper areas of the Abrok-gang river. The Heuksu tribe maintained a close relationship with the Goryeo dynasty, and there were even cases of Heuksu people migrating over to Goryeo and being naturalized upon their arrival. At first, they were perceived to have been an entity different from the Jurchens(女眞), but as the border between Goryeo and the Khitans continued to be established, the region was transformed into a Gimi-ju(羈縻州) unit of Goryeo. Tribes living in the region came to be called as either the ‘Jurchens’ or the ‘Eastern Guard(Dongbeon, 東蕃).’