General Blending Approach of Fundamental Cold Flow Models for an Almost Complete Cold Flow Model in Terms of Tensile Test

Abstract

The importance of two major issues in obtaining an almost complete cold flow model (ACCFM) from a tensile test, that is, the necking conditions (including the Considère condition and tensile strength) and several selected representative flow points in both pre- and postnecking strain hardening regions, is emphasized. It is shown using the AISI 1010 steel for automatic multistage cold forging (AISI 1010 equivalent) that all the traditional fundamental flow models (FFMs) such as the Ludwik, Voce, Hollomon, and Swift models cannot simultaneously satisfy the two major issues. A general blended flow model (BFM) is proposed, which is a linear combination of known basis blending functions satisfying the necking conditions. The number of basis blending functions is unconstrained. The constants of the linear combination, called blending coefficients, are calculated by a set of linear equations to meet the selected representative flow points. Numerous combinations of basis flow functions are tried. It has been shown that there is no interpolation case among all the obtained BFMs but that there are a few ACCFM-acceptable cases among them, which are based on the extrapolation of the basis blending functions. © 2023 Wiley-VCH GmbH.