Fungicidal efficacy of a disinfectant solution composed of chlorine dioxide and quaternary ammonium compound against Aspergillus flavus and Aspergillus fumigatus caused stonebrood in honey bees

Abstract

Aspergillus flavus (A. flavus) and Aspergillus fumigatus (A. fumigatus) are the main fungi that cause stonebrood in honey bees. Additionally, these fungi cause the declines of honey bee population and the economic loss in the beekeeping industry. In this study, the efficacy of a disinfectant, composed to chlorine dioxide (10%, w/v) and quaternary ammonium compound (12.5%, w/v), was evaluated against A. flavus and A. fumigatus. A fungicidal efficacy test by broth dilution method was used to determine the lowest effective dilution of the disinfectant following exposure to test fungi for 30 min at 4°C. The disinfectant and test fungi were diluted with low and high organic matter (OM) suspension according to treatment condition. On low OM condition, the fungicidal activity of the disinfectant against A. flavus and A. fumigatus was all 2.0 fold dilutions. On high OM condition, the fungicidal activity of the disinfectant against A. flavus and A. fumigatus was all 1.25 fold dilutions. The recommended dilution ratio of the disinfectant in low and high OM was 1.6 and 1.0 fold dilution, respectively. As the disinfectant possesses fungicidal efficacy against A. flavus and A. fumigatus, the disinfectant can be used to prevent the stonebrood in honey bees.