Alpha-Linolenic Acid Impedes Cadmium-Induced Oxidative Stress, Neuroinflammation, and Neurodegeneration in Mouse Brainopen access
- Authors
- Alam, Sayed-Ibrar; Kim, Min-Woo; Shah, Fawad Ali; Saeed, Kamran; Ullah, Rahat; Kim, Myeong-Ok
- Issue Date
- Sep-2021
- Publisher
- MDPI
- Keywords
- cadmium; reactive oxygen species (ROS); Nrf2; HO-1; neuroinflammation; neurodegeneration; p-JNK; Alpha Linolenic acid; neuroprotection
- Citation
- CELLS, v.10, no.9
- Indexed
- SCIE
SCOPUS
- Journal Title
- CELLS
- Volume
- 10
- Number
- 9
- URI
- https://scholarworks.gnu.ac.kr/handle/sw.gnu/3311
- DOI
- 10.3390/cells10092274
- ISSN
- 2073-4409
2073-4409
- Abstract
- Alpha-Linolenic acid (ALA), an omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid, is extracted from plant sources and has been shown to be one of the anti-inflammatory and antioxidant agents. Herein, we revealed the molecular mechanism underlying the anti-inflammatory and antioxidant potential of (ALA), against cadmium in the adult mouse brain. We evaluated the neuroprotective effect of ALA (60 mg/kg per oral for 6 weeks) against CdCl2 (5 mg/kg)-induced oxidative stress, neuroinflammation, and neuronal apoptosis. According to our findings, ALA markedly reduced ROS production and nitric oxide synthase 2 (NOS2) and enhanced the expression of nuclear factor-2 erythroid-2 (Nrf-2) and heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1) in mice treated with CdCl2. Most importantly, the molecular docking study revealed that ALA allosterically decreases the overexpression of c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) activity and inhibited the detrimental effect against CdCl2. Moreover, ALA suppressed CdCl2-induced glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP), nuclear factor-kappa b (NF-kappa B), and interleukin-1 beta (IL-1 beta) in the mouse brain. Further, we also checked the pro- and anti-apoptotic proteins markers such as Bax, Bcl-2, and caspase-3, which were regulated in the cortex of ALA co-treated mouse brain. Overall, our study suggests that oral administration of ALA can impede oxidative stress, neuroinflammation, and increase neuronal apoptosis in the cortex of Cd-injected mouse brain.
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