Thermal cycling of strained nickel-coated glass-epoxy composite laminates: Effects on macro mechanical and fiber-matrix interface properties

Abstract

Nickel coating of reinforcing fibers via electroless plating can provide superior properties to polymer composites, particularly for radar stealth, although its effect on thermomechanical properties and thermal cycling response are relatively unverified. Thermal cycling of strained nickel-coated glass fiber epoxy laminates was performed to evaluate its effect through in-plane shear mechanical testing and fiber-matrix interface region microscopic observations. Laminates were subjected to 4000 cycles of thermal conditioning (regular and strained). Subsequent in-plane shear tensile tests revealed a similar to 10% increase in their ultimate shear strength, which was credited to polymer relaxation and increased plastic energy storage capacity. Atomic force microscopy in force modulation mode showed the most significant fiber-matrix interface region changes for strained thermal cycled specimens, which we attribute to their higher stress during conditioning and plastic deformation. A relatively short fiber-matrix interface region length was observed, which we attribute to the lower surface energy of Ni-glass fiber. Thermomechanical analysis (TMA) revealed a glass-transition temperature range of 71-110 degrees C, and coefficients of thermal expansion (CTE) were evaluated for several laminate configurations.