NMR Spectroscopic Elucidation of the B-Z Transition of a DNA Double Helix Induced by the Z alpha Domain of Human ADAR1

Abstract

The human RNA editing enzyme ADAR1 (double-stranded RNA deaminase 1) deaminates adenine in pre-mRNA to yield inosine, which codes as guanine. ADAR1 has two left-handed Z-DNA binding domains, Z alpha and Z beta, at its NH2-terminus and preferentially binds Z-DNA, rather than B-DNA, with high binding affinity. The cocrystal structure Of Z(alpha ADAR1) complexed to Z-DNA showed that one monomeric Z(alpha ADAR1) domain binds to one strand of double-stranded DNA and a second Z(alpha ADAR1) monomer binds to the opposite strand with 2-fold symmetry with respect to DNA helical axis. It remains unclear how Z(alpha ADAR1) protein specifically recognizes Z-DNA sequence in a sea of B-DNA to produce the stable Z(alpha ADAR1)-Z-DNA complex during the B-Z transition induced by Z(alpha ADAR1). In order to characterize the molecular recognition of Z-DNA by Z(alpha ADAR1), we performed circular dichroism (CD) and NMR experiments with complexes Of Z(alpha ADAR1) bound to d(CGCGCG)(2) (referred to as CG6) produced at a variety of protein-to-DNA molar ratios. From this study, we identified the intermediate states of the CG6-Z(alpha ADAR1) complex and calculated their relative populations as a function of the Z(alpha ADAR1) concentration. These findings support an active B-Z transition mechanism in which the Z(alpha ADAR1) protein first binds to B-DNA and then converts it to left-handed Z-DNA, a conformation that is then stabilized by the additional binding of a second Z(alpha ADAR1) molecule.