한국의 기업가정신 활동: 2011년 글로벌기업가정신연구(GEM)를 중심으로

Abstract

All over the globe policy makers and academics agree that entrepreneurship plays a critical role for the development and well-being of society. The purpose of the Global Entrepreneurship Monitor (GEM) is to build and enhance global understanding about the attitudes, activity, and aspiration of entrepreneurs. GEM was conceived in 1997 by Michael Hay of London Business School (LBS) and Bill Bygrave of Babson College. LBS and Babson funded a prototype study that year. Ten national teams conducted the first GEM Global study in 1999. GEM is a consortium of national academic teams and a central coordination team. Working together, this consortium administers an adult population survey (APS) of at least 2,000 individuals from 18-64 years old in each participating country. In addition, GEM conducts National Expert Surveys (NES) of at least 36 experts, to provide information about particular factors influencing entrepreneurship in each country. The analysis of NES in Korea was based on the answers from 41 experts in the 9 specified fields. This paper was based on the GEM Korea 2011 report. GEM 2011 organized the 55 countries into three groups based on different economic development levels: factor-driven, efficiency-driven, and innovation-driven. Korea is among the 23 higher-income innovation-driven economies. Many of the comparisons made in this report with respect to Korea are within this group of countries. Korea ranked 6th in the TEA level in the group (ranked 7th among 22 countries in the TEA level in GEM 2010). In measuring entrepreneurial activity, GEM includes four phases: potential, nascent, new, and established entrepreneurs. This report focuses primarily on nascent and new entrepreneurs, which make up the Total Entrepreneurial Activity (TEA) rate. This rate in 2011 was 7.8% of the adult population in Korea, which were higher than 6.6% of 2010. One distinct quality of entrepreneurship in Korea is the ratio of male to female participation in entrepreneurship. While this varies among countries across the entire sample, the innovation-driven countries generally have a male-to-female entrepreneurship ratio of two to one, with some (U.S., Australia, etc.) having a much lower ratio. Korea, however, has about a three-to-one ratio. The ratio in TEA (11.7% of men to 3.8% of women). Entrepreneurial profile of Republic of Korea has different outlook with innovation-driven economies and the reference group especially in terms of perceived opportunities, perceived capabilities and necessity-driven TEA rate. Perceived opportunities and perceived capabilities are much lower than the comparative groups, and necessity-driven TEA is much higher than the groups. It is noteworthy that TEA rate is a little higher than the comparative groups despite the low entrepreneurial attitudes. And entrepreneurial Employee Activity Rate (EEA) of the adult population in Korea was 2,4%, which were much lowe ratio than 4.6% average of innovation driven countries. Looking into the TEA sector structure of Republic of Korea, consumer oriented services comprise the most part, and transforming sector and business oriented services follow. Extractive sector comprises the least. You can observe the similar pattern with established business sector structure. In established business activity, transforming sector is much bigger than the TEA and consumer oriented services are smaller than the TEA. National Expert Survey (NES) reveal that Korea has an outstanding physical infrastructure and internal market dynamics in the entrepreneurial environment. In contrast, the professional & commercial sector has been weak in the past few years.