突厥 初期(552~556)의 國家 構造

Abstract

This article organized how Türks(突厥) that was founded in 552 by overthrowing Rou-Ran(柔然) did establish its organization of state centering around A-Shi-Na(阿史那) clan, the ruling community, by overcoming not only the frequent exchanges of its monarchs but also difficulties lying in the inside and outside in the early period. This is for organizing the initial process of the nation’s foundation that has not been able to be organized properly up to now due to the lack of related records, and it is intended to figure out how Türks could build its foundation to be developed as a nomadic empire afterwards despite the limitations. This is also an attempt to understand the process of an ancient nomadic state’s foundation in an elementary way. A-Shi-Na clan that had been ruled by Rou-Ran in the stage of steppe in Jungaria overthrew Rou-Ran, the loser in Mongolian steppe, with the support of Xi-Wei(西魏) and founded a new nomadic state in 552. After that, Türks eradicated Rou-Ran’s residual power and established its own authority, and at the same time, tried to build a state centering around itself by dominating nomadic tribes in Mongolian steppe. First of all, it ensured its own authority by mopping up Rou-Ran’s residual power using the split in North China and included the nomadic tribes in the steppe into its own system. Along with this, it also created a myth to be unified with the nomadic tribes that it had seized lately in order to stabilize its own system. Through this, it could begin its expedition to the surroundings decisively taking the newly secured nomadic corps as its own crucial military ground. At the same time, Türks tried to establish its political system by securing the base that could control the Ötüken, the center of the nomadic world. Ötüken that referred to a certain area located in the northern slope of the Hangai Range had been the key place of Mongolian steppe from a long time ago, and Türks dominated this place, too. And though it was changeful as it was a nomadic state grounded on mobility, it installed stationary facilities mainly around the winter quarters. There has been no concrete evidence about it yet, but the capital formed in this way is estimated to have been located in the western side of Orkhon River where Qara Balghasun, the capital of Uyghurs, was located. Türks tried to build its powerful system centering around itself in order to control the subordinates’ nomadic tribes. This is because in the previous times since Hun(匈奴), there had been a structure both in the right and the left that the monarchs exercised their strong power based on the enfeoffment system which provided the descendants of the Royal Family with the right of military command. This was particularly intended to substitute Rou-Ran’s previous system centering around Türks. Through this, Türks was able to build its system that could dominate the newly seized nomadic tribes and also mobilize them militarily. This formed the ground that allowed Türks to develop further to advance into Mongolian steppe and also to develop as a nomadic empire afterwards.